## UNIT 1-QUIZ1

1. Find the modulation index if the amplitude of message signal is Two thirds of the amplitude of carrier signal ———————.
2. The diagonal clipping in Amplitude Demodulation (using envelope detector) can be avoided if RC time-constant of the envelope detector satisfies the following condition, (here W is message bandwidth and ω is carrier frequency both in rad/sec) ( )
a. RC<1/W             b. RC>1/W                  c. None of the above         d. RC>1/ω.
3. Given AM signal is  XAM(t)= 10 (1+0.25 sin 2πfmt) cos 2πfct , then The average side band power given for the above AM signal is ( )
a. 25W                    b. 12.5W               c.1.5625W                    d.3.125W.
4. Given AM signal is XAM(t) = 100 (1+0.85 cos 2πfmt) ,then The total power required for the above AM signal is ( )
a. 25W                   b. 12.5W               c.6.806KW                       d. None of the above.
5. Consider the AM signal Ac cos Wct + 2 cos Wct cos Wmt   for the demodulation of the signal using envelope detector the minimum value of Ac should be ( ).
a. 2                          b. 1                         c. 0.5                                    d. 0.
6. Given AM signal is SAM(t) = 100 (1+0.3 cos 2πfmt +0.4 sin 2πfmt) cos 2πfct i. i.The total power required for the above AM signal is ( )
a. 5.625W              b. 5.625KW             c.6.806KW                  d. None of the above.
ii.Modulation index is ( )
a. 0.53                     b. 0.5                         c. 0.2                               d. None of the above.
iii.The carrier power is ( )
a. 5KW                    b.6KW                       c. 7KW                           d.100KW.
iv. Total current flowing through the transmitter if carrier current is 5A ( ).
a. 5mA                      b.5.303A                 c. none of these          d. 25A.
7. If the band width of message signal is 5KHz and the carrier frequency is 200KHz then upper sideband frequencies are( )
a. 205KHz,190KHz                                                b.205KHz,-205KHz
c. 205 KHz,-195 KHz                                           d. None of the above.
8. If the highest frequency of message signal is 5KHz and the carrier frequency is 200KHz then lower sideband frequencies are( )
a. 205KHz,190KHz                                                b.205KHz,-205KHz
c. 195 KHz,-195 KHz                                            d. None of the above.
9. If the bandwidth of message signal is 500Hz then the bandwidth of Amplitude Modulated signal is ( )
a. 500Hz                    b. 1000Hz                    c.2KHz                     d. None of the above.
10. If the message m(t)= 10cos⁡2000πt and carrier signal is                                      C(t) = 25 cos 200000 πt then draw the amplitude spectrum of AM signal————— .

## UNIT 2- QUIZ 2

1. Angle modulation is a technique in which the ————— of the is varied with respect to instantaneous values of ————————— by keeping as constant. 2M.
2. Write the expression for Angle Modulated signal –. 1M.
3. An Angle Modulated signal is given as 𝑥(𝑡) = 100 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 4 sin(1000𝜋𝑡)) where 𝑓𝑐 = 10 𝑀𝐻𝑧. 6M.
i. The Peak frequency deviation is ( )
a. 2K                           b. 4000                   c. 4π                      d. 8π.
ii. The Peak- phase deviation is ( ).
a. 4                              b. 6                           c. 0                        d. None of the above.
iii. The power of the Modulated signal is ( ).
a. 10KW.                   b. 5 W                       c. 5 KW                d. 50W.
4. The amount of change in carrier frequency produced by modulating signal is known as ( ). 1M.
a. phase deviation                                                            b. amplitude deviation
c. Frequency deviation                                                  d. none of the above.
5. The total Transmitted power in FM is equal to the power of ( ) 1M.
a. An AM signal.                                                            b. an unmodulated carrier
c. Message signal                                                         d. all of the above.
6. A 20 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal with frequency 1KHz such that peak frequency deviation is 100KHz what will be the modulation index ( ) 2M.
a. 100                           b.101                                c. 99                         d.200.
7. The bandwidth for above FM system will be ( ) 2M.
a. 101 KHz                 b. 202 KHz                     c. 99 KHz              d. 100 KHz.
8. Which one of the following is an indirect method of generating FM ( ) 1M.
a. Armstrong method                                                   b. Varactor diode modulator
c. Reactance BJT modulator.                                     d. Reactance FET Modulator.
9. In which of the Modulation system when the modulating frequency is doubled the modulation index reduces to half while modulating voltage remains constant ( ) 2M.                                                                                                        a. Phase                   b. Amplitude                   c. Frequency       d. None of the above.
10. In FM, the frequency deviation is ( ) 2M.                                                                         a. Proportional to modulating frequency.                                                                         b. Proportional to amplitude of modulating signal.                                                     c. Constant.                                                                                                                                   d. Zero.
11. In indirect method of FM generation FM is obtained from ( ) 1M.                         a. AM                    b. PM                 c. DSB                              d. FM
12. Write Carson’s rule –. 1M.
13. The Bandwidth of NBFM is given as –. 1M.
14. A 25 MHz carrier is modulated by a 400Hz audio sine wave. The carrier voltage is 4V and the maximum deviation is 10 KHz. The modulation index will be( ) 2M.                                                                                                                                  a. 2.5                  b. 5                     c. 15                        d. 25
15. For the above problem write the expression of FM wave will be———————————————————————————————–.1M.
16. For the problem in 14 write the expression of PM wave———————————————————————————————————.1M.
17. Standard FM broadcast stations uses a maximum bandwidth of ( ) 1M.              a. 150 KHz                   b.75KHz.            c. 200KHz         d. 15KHz.
18. Which type of oscillators are preferred for carrier generation because of their good frequency stability ( ) 1M.                                                                                 a. LR               b.LC                       c. Crystal                         d. RC.
19. The oscillator whose frequency is varied by an input voltage is called as ————————————————. 1M.
20. Maximum deviation results at what point on modulating signal if the system is FM( ) 1M.                                                                                                                      a. Zero crossing of m(t)                                                                                                              b. Peak negative amplitude and peak positive amplitude of m (t).                        c. None of the above.                                                                                                                d. Both a and b.

1. Radio receivers are classified into how many types ( ). 2M.
a. Three                   b. two                      c. four                             d. none of the above.
2. The ability of a radio receiver to amplify weak signals is called as ( ). 2M.
a. Fidelity             b. Selectivity            c. sensitivity                  d. all of the above.
3. The phenomenon of Picking up of same short wave station at two nearby points on the receiver dial is known as ( ). 2M.
a. Fidelity            b. sensitivity               c. Double spotting               d. selectivity.
4. The ability of a receiver to reject unwanted signals is called ( ). 2M.
a. Selectivity           b. Fidelity                  c. sensitivity                  d. Double spotting
5. Standard broadcast AM receivers tuned in the frequency range of 540 KHz to 1640 KHz has an intermediate frequency of ( ). 2M.
a. 455 KHz                 b.1MHz                      c. 20Hz                      d. 200Hz.
6. Standard broadcast FM receivers tuned in the frequency range of 88MHz -108 MHz has an intermediate frequency of ( ). 2M.
a. 455 KHz                    b.1MHz                   c. 20Hz                      d. 10.7MHz.
7. Television receivers in the VHF band(54MHz-223MHz) and in the UHF band(470MHz-940MHz) use an IF between 26MHz and 46MHz with the two most popular values ( ). 3M.
a. 36 MHz and 46 MHz                                                b. 455 KHz and 46 kHz.
c. 36 KHz and 46 KHz.                                                 d. none of the above.
8. In a broadcast FM receiver if the local oscillator is tuned to 98.7 MHz then the image frequency is ( ). 3M.
a. 88MHz              b. 109.4MHz                   c. 96 MHz                d. none of the above.
9. In a broadcast AM receiver if the signal is tuned to 530 KHz then Intermediate frequency, local oscillator frequency and image frequency are( ). 3M.
a. 200 kHz, 730 KHz and 1000 kHz.
b. 10.7MHz, 15.37MHz and 1000 KHz.
c. 455 KHz, 985 KHz and 1440 KHz.
d. None of the above.
10. In communications, Audio frequency range is —————-. 2M.
11. In communications, Radio frequency range is—————–. 2M.
12. Draw the radio frequency spectrum with detailed values starting from Very Low Frequencies (VLF) to Extreme High Frequencies (EHF). 5M.
13. Draw the block diagram of TRF receiver (only diagram). 5M.

## UNIT5-Quiz5Pulse Modulation Techniques

1. In Pulse Position Modulation, the drawbacks are ( ) 2M.                 a.Synchronization is required between transmitter and receiver                       b. Large bandwidth is required as compared to PAM                                                 c. None of the above                                                                                                                 d. Both a and b.
2. In PWM signal reception, the Schmitt trigger circuit is used ( ) 2M.                    a. To remove noise                                                                                                                    b. To produce ramp signal                                                                                                      c. For synchronization                                                                                                            d. None of the above.
3. In pulse width modulation, ( ) 2M.                                                                                    a. Synchronization is not required between transmitter and receiver              b. Amplitude of the carrier pulse is varied                                                                      c. Instantaneous power at the transmitter is constant                                              d. None of the above.
4. In different types of Pulse Width Modulation, ( ) 2M.                                                a. Leading edge of the pulse is kept constant                                                                b. Trailing edge of the pulse is kept constant                                                                c. Centre of the pulse is kept constant                                                                              d. All of the above.
5. In Pulse time modulation (PTM), ( ) 2M.                                                                         a. Amplitude of the carrier is constant                                                                             b. Position or width of the carrier varies with modulating signal                           c. Pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation are the types of PTM                                                                                                                                                 d. All of the above.
6. Drawback of using PAM method is ( ) 2M.                                                                      a. Bandwidth is very large as compared to modulating signal                                  b. Varying amplitude of carrier varies the peak power required for transmission                                                                                                                                  c. Due to varying amplitude of carrier, it is difficult to remove noise at receiver                                                                                                                                          d. All of the above.
7. Pulse time modulation (PTM) includes ( ) 2M                                                              a. Pulse width modulation                                                                                                        b. Pulse position modulation                                                                                                  c. Pulse amplitude modulation                                                                                              d. Both a and b.
8. Calculate the Nyquist rate for sampling when a continuous time signal is given by  x(t) = 5 cos 100πt +10 cos 200πt – 15 cos 300πt ( ) 3M.                            a. 300Hz                                                                                                                                            b. 600Hz                                                                                                                                            c. 150Hz                                                                                                                                          d. 200Hz.
9. Calculate the minimum sampling rate to avoid aliasing when a continuous time signal is given by x(t) = 5 cos 400πt ( ) 3M.                                                              a. 100 Hz                                                                                                                                            b. 200 Hz                                                                                                                                          c. 400 Hz                                                                                                                                          d. 250 Hz.
10. A distorted signal of frequency fm is recovered from a sampled signal if the sampling frequency fs is ( ) 2M.                                                                                          a. fs > 2fm                                                                                                                                        b. fs < 2fm                                                                                                                                      c. fs = 2fm                                                                                                                                        d. fs ≥ 2fm.
11. The desired signal of maximum frequency wm centered at frequency w=0 may be recovered if ( ) 2M.                                                                                                    a. The sampled signal is passed through low pass filter                                              b. Filter has the cut off frequency wm                                                                              c. Both a and b                                                                                                                              d. None of the above.
12. The frequency spectrum of x(t) is X(f) is given as follows 6M.

Draw the frequency spectrum of sampled signal by assuming suitable values for sampling frequency under the following conditions
i. Over sampling                      ii. Under sampling                         iii. fs = 2fm.

# EXPERIMENT WISE VIVA QUESTIONSANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB

## Amplitude Modulation:

1. What is meant by Modulation? What is the need for modulation?
2. What are different types of analog modulation techniques?
3. What are the other names of message signal? What are the other names of carrier signal?
4. Write the equation of AM signal and explain each parameter in that equation?
5. Define Amplitude Modulation? Define modulation depth or modulation index?
6. What is the range of Audio frequency signals? What is the range of Radio frequency signal?
7. What are the applications of Amplitude modulation?
8. How many generation methods are there to generate an AM wave? What are the methods of demodulation of an AM wave?
9. Explain the operation of diode detector circuit?
10. Write the formula for modulation index? Differentiate under, over and perfect modulation in AM?
11. As the amplitude of message signal increases, modulation index increases or decreases?
12. Define single tone modulation? In laboratory type of AM is single tone modulation or not?
13. Draw the frequency spectrum of AM wave?
14. If modulation index is 100%, calculate the ratio of total power to carrier power of an AM wave?
15. If µ=1 in an AM wave what is the amount of power saving in an AM wave? What is the band width of an AM wave?
16. Explain the operation of AM modulator? Explain the operation of 8038 circuit in AM modulator?
17. Explain the procedure of Amplitude modulation? What is the significance of Emax and Emin points in AM wave?
18. Plot message, carrier and AM signals?
19. What is meant by envelope detector?
20. The frequency of AM wave follows — (message signal frequency or carrier frequency)?
21. The amplitude of AM wave at fc +fm is— and The amplitude of AM wave at fc -fm is—–
22. In amplitude modulation the amplitude of ——— is changing with respect to ——
23. Envelope of AM signal follows————– (message signal/ carrier signal)?
25. How demodulated signal differs from original signal in AM?
26. The two important distortions that can appear in the demodulated output of an envelope detector are————– and—————————- –.
27. Differentiate high-level and low-level modulations in AM?
28. What is trapezoidal rule?

## Balanced Modulator:

1. What are the disadvantages of AM?
2. Most of the power in AM spectrum is carried by ————
3. Define DSBSC modulation?
4. How DSBSC is more efficient than AM in terms power saving, explain?
5. What is meant by frequency response?
6. Draw the magnitude response or amplitude spectrum of DSBSC signal?
7. The signal generated by balanced modulator is———–
8. Draw the wave form of DSBSC wave and AM wave, and differentiate those two waveforms?
9. Give the equation of DSBSC signal?
10. What are the generation methods of DSBSC?
11. What are the demodulation methods of DSBSC?
12. What is the bandwidth of DSBSC signal?
13. Define Costas loop and it’s operation?
14. Amount of power saving in DSBSC signal is————
15. Coherent detection means?
16. Give the practical applications of balanced modulator?
17. Explain the operation of product modulator?
18. Why the circuit is called balanced modulator?
19. If the circuit is operating in balanced state, the modulation index value is——- –.
20. Explain the working procedure of 1496 IC for the generation of DSBSC wave?
21. As message signal amplitude increases, carrier suppression in dB’s ———
22. Plot message, carrier and DSBSC waves and explain each wave clearly.
23. How do you differentiate modulation by demodulation?
24. Explain the significance of local oscillator frequency in modulators and in
25. Differentiate synchronous and non synchronous detection techniques in analog modulators?
26. The phase shift at zero crossings in DSBSC wave is——- –.
27. What is Quadrature carrier multiplexing?
28. How DSBSC is different from SSB?

## Frequency Modulation:

1. Define Frequency modulation? How it is different from phase modulation?
2. Write equation of FM wave, explain each parameter in it?
3. Draw the amplitude spectrum of FM wave?
4. Give the Carson’s rule in FM?
5. Define modulation index β, frequency deviation?
6. Differentiate Narrow band FM with Wide band FM?
7. Explain the FM operation using 8308IC?
8. Draw message, carrier and FM waves and explain each wave clearly?
9. Explain the methods for generation of FM and its demodulation?
10. How FM wave is different from PM wave?
11. Give the practical applications of FM?
13. The range of speech signals is——— –.
14. Type of Modulation used in radios is——- –.
15. Type of modulation used for voice signals in T.V — and for video signals in V is—- –.
16. Noise immunity is more in which analog modulation technique———– –.
17. FM is more robust to noise compared to AM, why?
18. Carson’s rule is for———- –.
19. In commercial FM broadcasting, the audio frequency range handled is only up to—- –.
20. The transmission band width required for commercial FM broadcasting is——– –.
21. Define Hilbert transform?
22. Explain capture effect in FM broadcasting?

## Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis:

1. Define pre-emphasis and De-emphasis processes in
2. Why Pre-emphasis is used at Transmitter of FM and de-emphasis at FM receiver?
3. Draw the pre-emphasis circuit and explain its working in detail?
4. Draw de-emphasis circuit and explain its working in detail?
5. Draw the frequency response characteristics of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis explain each one in detail?
6. Calculate the cut-off frequencies of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits practically
7. Pre-emphasis circuit operation is similar to——— –.
8. De-emphasis circuit operation is similar to——— –.
9. What is the necessity of boosting up high frequencies in frequency modulation communication system?
10. Define 3dB frequencies?

# Sampling and reconstruction:

1. Define sampling theorem? What is the need for sampling?
2. What are the necessary and sufficient condition for sampling and reconstruction of a signal?
3. Define Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval in sampling theorem?
4. If message frequency is 2 KHz and sampling frequency is 2 KHz,4 KHz, 8 KHz and 16 KHz in each case the number of samples are—————————– –.
5. What are different types of sampling techniques?
6. What was the effect on sampled signal if fs < 2 fm ?
7. Draw the amplitude spectrum of sampled signal if fs < 2 fm, fs =2 fm, fs > 2 fm.
8. What is aliasing effect in sampling? How to avoid it?
9. Why do we use pre-filtering in sampling?
10. What do you mean by reconstruction of sampling theorem?
11. What are the types of filters used in reconstruction?
12. Define sample and hold process?
13. Differentiate second order, fourth order and sixth order low pass filters in reconstruction process.
14. Explain the sampling and reconstruction process in detail by using the trainer
15. Define band pass sampling?
16. How sampling is different from PAM?
17. Define a continuous time signal or an analog signal. Give some examples of analog signals.
18. Define a discrete time signal. Give some examples of discrete
19. What is the difference between discrete and a digital signal?
20. Define a digital signal? Give some
21. What is the need for converting a continuous signal into a discrete
22. Explain about zero-order hold circuit.
23. How to convert an analog signal into digital signals?

Digital signal processors operates———— as inputs.As the number of samples increases, the reconstruction of original signal becomes?

# Pulse Amplitude Modulation:

1. What is the basic principle of PAM?
2. Name some Pulse Modulation techniques?
3. Define PAM?
4. How PAM is different from AM?
5. Can we produce a PAM signal using a sampling circuit?
6. Differentiate PAM output with sampling output?
7. Does PAM come under Analog modulation technique or Digital Modulation technique?
8. What is the Bandwidth of PAM?
9. Compare BW of PAM and AM?
10. Draw waveforms of PAM. explain each one briefly.
11. What are the advantages of PAM over AM?
13. Explain the working procedure PAM kit?
14. Can we use PAM technique in TDM?
15. Differentiate uni-polar and bi-polar PAM.
16. What do you mean by zero order holding? And draw the circuit diagram of zero-order hold circuits?
17. What are the drawbacks of PAM?
18. Explain the working of PAM demodulation circuit?
19. Define Flat-Top sampling?
20. Draw the circuit diagram of Flat-Top Sampled circuit?
21. What was the roll off characteristics of sinc pulse?

## Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

1. Define PWM?
2. Differentiate PWM, PAM and PPM?
3. Name the applications of Mono-stable multivibrator?
4. What is a Multivibrator?
5. Differentiate Monostable, Bi stable and Astable Multivibrators?
6. How a Monostable Multivibrator produces a PWM signal?
7. What are the other names of PWM?
8. Define Pulse Duration Modulation?
9. What is Pulse Time Modulation?
10. Draw PAM and PWM signals and each one in detail.
11. Draw PWM signal with respect to message signal?
12. In PWM —————- of Pulse carrier signal is changing with respect to message signal.
13. Explain the operation of PWM circuit.
14. 555 timer in Monostable mode produces————.
15. 555 timer in Astable mode produces——————.
16. What are the advantages of PWM over PAM?
17. What is the difference between PWM and FM?
18. Which type of noise is affecting the amplitude of PWM signal?
19. Which system is more immune to noise (PWM or PAM)?
20. What are the disadvantages of PWM?
21. What are the applications of PWM?
22. Band Width of PWM is—————-.
23. Band width of PAM is—————-.

## Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):

1. Define PPM?
2. The information is conveyed by ————- of Pulses in PPM.
3. In PWM information is conveyed by————— of pulses.
4. In PAM information is conveyed by————— of pulses.
6. Compare PPM with Phase Modulation.
7. PAM is similar to————————–.
8. PWM is similar to————————–.
9. PPM is similar to————————–.
10. Differentiate Analog Modulation Techniques with Pulse Modulation Techniques.
11. What are the applications of PPM?
12. Draw PPM signal with respect to message signal.
13. Draw PPM signal with respect to PWM signal.
14. Explain the operation of PPM Modulator?

## Phase Locked Loop (PLL):

1. What are the applications of PLL?
2. Why this circuit is called Phase Locked Loop?
3. What are the three components of PLL circuitry?
4. Explain the operation of PLL by using a Block Diagram?
5. Define free-running frequency?
6. Define Lock range and Capture range of a PLL?
7. What is meant by Frequency synthesizer?
8. Why PLL is used in FM Receivers/
9. How PLL is used in FSK demodulation circuits?
10. What do you mean by Lock state in a PLL?
11. What is meant by Pull in time in PLL?
12. Phase Detector or Phase Comparator is used for ——————.
13. Why VCO is used in feedback loop of PLL?
14. What are the input and Output signals of a VCO in a PLL?
16. Why Lock range is greater than Capture range in a PLL?

## Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):

1. Define the concept of Time Division Multiplexing?
2. Differentiate Multiplexing and Sampling?
3. What are the different types of Multiplexing Techniques?
4. Does TDM come under analog Multiplexing or Digital Multiplexing?
5. Define a frame in a TDM?
6. Why synchronization is required in TDM?
7. Why multiplexing is required?
8. What do you mean by inter-leaving gaps in TDM frame?
9. If two signals of frequencies 2KHz and 4 KHz are multiplexed in time –domain then draw TDM signal
1. Without inter-leaving gap.
2. with inter-leaving gap of 10 ms.
11. Differentiate TDM with FDM?
12. What are the advantages of TDM over FDM?
13. Explain the operation of TDM using trainer kit used.
14. Synchronous TDM means?

1. What is a filter?
2. Differentiate Active and Passive Filters?
3. Why LPF is used in Demodulation Circuits?
4. Why pre-filtering is required in sampling?
5. Anti-aliasing is achieved by using———– in Sampling Circuits?
6. Define Single-tone modulation in AM and FM?