Frequency domain representation of a Wide Band FM

To obtain the frequency-domain representation of Wide Band FM signal for the condition \beta > > 1 one must express the FM signal in complex representation (or) Phasor Notation (or) in the exponential form

i.e, Single-tone FM signal is S_{FM}(t)=A_{c}cos(2\pi f_{c}t+\beta sin 2\pi f_{m}t).

Now by expressing the above signal in terms of  Phasor notation (\because \beta > > 1 , None of the terms can be neglected)

S_{FM}(t) \simeq Re(A_{c}e^{j(2\pi f_{c}t+\beta sin 2\pi f_{m}t)})

S_{FM}(t) \simeq Re(A_{c}e^{j2\pi f_{c}t}e^{j\beta sin 2\pi f_{m}t})

S_{FM}(t) \simeq Re(e^{j2\pi f_{c}t} A_{c}e^{j\beta sin 2\pi f_{m}t})-------Equation(I)

Let    \widetilde{s(t)} =A_{c}e^{j\beta sin 2\pi f_{m}t}      is the complex envelope of FM signal.

\widetilde{s(t)} is a periodic function with period \frac{1}{f_{m}} . This \widetilde{s(t)} can be expressed in it’s Complex Fourier Series expansion.

i.e, \widetilde{S(t)} = \sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }C_{n} e^{jn\omega _{m}t}  this approximation is valid over [-\frac{1}{2f_{m}},\frac{1}{2f_{m}}] . Now the Fourier Coefficient  C_{n} = \frac{1}{T} \int_{\frac{-T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}} \widetilde{S(t)} e^{-jn2\pi f_{m}t}dt

T= \frac{1}{f_{m}}

C_{n} = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{f_{m}}} \int_{\frac{-1}{2f_{m}}}^{\frac{1}{2f_{m}}} \widetilde{S(t)} e^{-jn2\pi f_{m}t}dt

C_{n} = f_{m} \int_{\frac{-1}{2f_{m}}}^{\frac{1}{2f_{m}}} A_{c}e^{j\beta sin 2\pi f_{m}t} e^{-jn2\pi f_{m}t}dt

C_{n} = f_{m} \int_{\frac{-1}{2f_{m}}}^{\frac{1}{2f_{m}}} A_{c}e^{{j\beta sin 2\pi f_{m}t-jn2\pi f_{m}t}}dt

C_{n} = f_{m} \int_{\frac{-1}{2f_{m}}}^{\frac{1}{2f_{m}}} A_{c}e^{j({\beta sin 2\pi f_{m}t-n2\pi f_{m}t})}dt

let x=2\pi f_{m}t       implies   dx=2\pi f_{m}dt

as x\rightarrow \frac{-1}{2f_{m}} \Rightarrow t\rightarrow -\pi     and    x\rightarrow \frac{1}{2f_{m}} \Rightarrow t\rightarrow \pi

C_{n} = \frac{A_{c}}{2\pi } \int_{-\pi }^{\pi } e^{j({\beta sin x-nx})}dx

let J_{n}(\beta ) = \frac{1}{2\pi } \int_{-\pi }^{\pi } e^{j({\beta sin x-nx})}dx   as    n^{th}  order Bessel Function of first kind then   C_{n} = A_{c} J_{n}(\beta ).

Continuous Fourier Series  expansion of  

\widetilde{S(t)} = \sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }C_{n} e^{jn\omega _{m}t}

\widetilde{S(t)} = \sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }A_{c} J_{n} (\beta )e^{jn\omega _{m}t} 

Now substituting this in the Equation (I)

S_{WBFM}(t) \simeq Re(e^{j2\pi f_{c}t} \sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }A_{c} J_{n} (\beta )e^{jn\omega _{m}t})

S_{WBFM}(t) \simeq A_{c} Re( \sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }J_{n} (\beta ) e^{j2\pi f_{c}t} e^{jn\omega _{m}t})

S_{WBFM}(t) \simeq A_{c} Re( \sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }J_{n} (\beta ) e^{j2\pi (f_{c}+nf _{m}t)})

\therefore S_{WBFM}(t) \simeq A_{c} \sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }J_{n} (\beta ) cos 2\pi (f_{c}+nf _{m}t)

The  Frequency spectrum  can be obtained by taking Fourier Transform 

S_{WBFM}(f) = \frac{A_{c}}{2}\sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }J_{n}(\beta )

n value wide Band FM signal
0 S_{WBFM}(f) = \frac{A_{c}}{2}\sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }J_{0}(\beta )
1 S_{WBFM}(f) = \frac{A_{c}}{2}\sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }J_{1}(\beta )
-1 S_{WBFM}(f) = \frac{A_{c}}{2}\sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }J_{-1}(\beta )
… ….

From the above Equation it is clear that 

  • FM signal has infinite number of side bands at frequencies (f_{c}\pm nf_{m})for n values changing from -\infty to  \infty.
  • The relative amplitudes of all the side bands depends on the value of  J_{n}(\beta ).
  • The number of significant side bands depends on the modulation index \beta.
  • The average power of FM wave is P=\frac{A_{c}^{2}}{2} Watts.

 

 

 

 

 

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Author: Lakshmi Prasanna Ponnala

Completed M.Tech in Digital Electronics and Communication Systems and currently working as a faculty.